HD - DOKU-2016 "Russia's Secret Rain Forest"

Russia's Secret RainForest 2016 The Southern Siberian rainforest is an area of temperate rainforest in South Central Siberia that occurs primarily along the Altai and Sayan mountain ranges in Khakassia and Tuva as well as a small area in the Chamar-Daban Mountains near Lake Baikal in Buryatia. The forest encompasses a total area of approximately 6000 square kilometers. The larger portion of the forest in the Altai and Sayan Mountains runs across a latitude range that encompasses between 51.5 degrees to 56 degrees north latitude, and a longitude range running between 86 degrees to 95 degrees east longitude. The region overlaps with the Golden Mountains of Altai World Heritage Site. Ecological zones range from hemiboreal forest to a forest-steppe ecotone[1] and include a wider variety of plant species than surrounding areas. Geography[edit] The southern Siberian rainforest is primarily located within the Altai and Sayan mountain ranges across a range of elevations. Geographic features that the forest extends onto include high mountains and ridges as well as valleys carved by glaciers[2] and river basins. The forest-steppe ecotone occurs at elevations as low as 250 to 300 metres (820 feet to 985 feet) while the forest-tundra boundary is between 1600 and 1800 metres (5250 feet to 5905 feet). The Katun and Biya Rivers, two tributaries of the Ob River that originate in the Altai Mountains, flow through the region. Flora[edit] Flora in the region represent a combination of species from three biomes: taiga, tundra and steppe and are more diverse than flora of many of the surrounding areas.[4] The trees include a mix of coniferous and broadleaf tree species. These include Scots pine, silver birch, Eurasian aspen, Siberian pine, Siberian fir[5] and Siberian spruce.[6] The hemiboreal zones are dominated by Scots Pine and silver birch in wet areas. Moss cover is present, but sparse.[7] Dry areas are dominated by either Scots pine or Siberian larch depending on temperature. Siberian larch is typically more prevalent in cooler areas while warmer and drier ares favor Scots pine.[8] Siberian larch also dominates the forest-steppe ecotone.[9] Epiphyte species include multiple genera of lichen. These include nitrophyte genera such as Physcia and Melanelia, acidophytes such as Usnea and Bryoria and other genera including Hypogymnia[10] and Sticta.[11] Understory plants include Eurasian baneberry, European wild ginger, Baikal anemone, golden saxifrage, bittercress and grasses of the genera Carex, Brachypodium[12] and Calamagrostis.[13] Fauna[edit] Terrestrial animals in the region include brown bears,[14] European adders, moles of the Talpa genus, red foxes and red deer,[15] gray wolves, lynx, mountain hares, and several species of mustelids including stoats and wolverines.[16] Bird species include hazel grouse, tree pipits, Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers,[17] golden eagles, peregrine falcons,[18] black storks, northern eagle owls, and gyrfalcons.[19] Aquatic species include moor frogs, Siberian taimen, fish of the genus Cottus,[20] Siberian grayling, Asiatic trout and European otters. Insect fauna include the Siberian silk moth, a plant-eating insect species that lives in the region and feeds on tree leaves.[21] Climate[edit] The climate in the Siberian temperate forest is continental and humid along the Altai and Sayan mountain ranges.[22] Winter temperatures can be as low as -19 degrees Celsius (-2 degrees Fahrenheit) and summer temperatures can reach as high as 17 degrees (63 degrees Fahrenheit).[23] The region primarily gets precipitation from Atlantic air masses brought in by westerly winds. Lake Baikal has the effect of cooling incoming air as it reaches the Chamar-Daban Mountains.[24] The incoming air is forced over the mountains, causing moisture to precipitate out. This causes greater annual precipitation in this area than in the surrounding regions, and can exceed 1500 millimeters annually in some places.[25][26] In addition, relative humidity can average as high as 75% on an annual basis.[27] The region also loses more water to evapotranspiration than surrounding areas.[28] Current climate change projections predict that local temperatures will increase, causing the forest to expand into nearby alpine tundra areas.[29] Climate change is also expected to result in decreased precipitation in the region.